For the past upteen years, to get a list of the groups a user belongs to, I’ve used:

> net user /domain userID

Today, I just stumbled upon a powershell cmdlet that does just that.
Get-ADPrincipalGroupMembership

To get a list of groups a users belongs to run the following at a powershell prompt.

PS c:\ >Get-ADPrincipalGroupMembership userID | select name

 

Screenprint of Powershell window

Note: You will need the Active Directory Powershell module and that comes from installing RSAT.